Audio-Technica AT33xMONO/II Dual Moving Coil Monaural Cartridge

The AT33xMONO/II uses a "True Mono" dual moving coil design that is engineered for pristine monaural playback. By only generating signal from the horizontal groove movement, it effectively ignores vertical noise components. The result is exceptionally clear mono sound, characterised by a more substantial low end and significantly reduced surface noise. This design is also perfectly suited for playing mono records on a stereo system. Key Features: Stylus & Type: AT33x Series dual moving coil monaural cartridge with a 0.65 mil conical nude stylus. Acoustic Focus: Preserves the warmth and fullness of acoustic instruments, making it ideal for classic mono jazz recordings from the 1950s and '60s. True Mono Design: “True Mono” dual moving coil design generates the electrical signal only from horizontal movement, resulting in exceptionally clear monaural sound with a substantial low end and reduced surface noise. Coil Material: PCOCC (Pure Copper by Ohno Continuous Casting) coils provide pure, smooth signal transmission. Magnet System: Samarium cobalt magnet and pure iron yoke ensure highly efficient power generation, producing warm, richly textured playback. Resonance Control: The composite cartridge body (die-cast zinc, aluminium, and high-rigidity polymer) reduces resonance for balanced, natural sound reproduction. Vibration Damping: Highly rigid and dense die-cast zinc at the base suppresses unwanted vibrations, improving mid-to-low frequency expressiveness. Cantilever & Suspension: Features a high-hardness duralumin pipe cantilever and a newly developed suspension/damper design (with lower dynamic compliance) compatible with a variety of tonearms. Installation: Threaded mounting holes simplify headshell mounting. Terminal Quality: Thick gold plating on the terminal pins reduces contact resistance and enhances sound quality. Craftsmanship: Crafted and hand-finished by artisans in Japan.

Audio-Technica AT33xMLD Dual Moving Coil Stereo Cartridge

The AT33xMLD delivers warm, highly detailed sound, a superb match for both rock and jazz genres. It features a microlinear nude stylus mounted on a duralumin tapered pipe cantilever. Key to its performance is our newly engineered suspension system, which utilises piano wire to enhance tracking accuracy. This results in a slight decrease in dynamic compliance, providing a more substantial and impactful audio presentation, particularly in the mid-to-low frequency range. Key Features: Sound Profile: Delivers warm, detailed, and natural sound, making it an excellent choice for rock and jazz records (especially '50s-'70s recordings). Stylus & Cantilever: Features a microlinear nude stylus for highly accurate groove tracking, mounted on a high-hardness duralumin tapered pipe cantilever. Engineered for Clarity: Dual Moving Coil Design: Provides outstanding channel separation via independent left and right coils. PCOCC Coils: Uses Pure Copper by Ohno Continuous Casting for pure, smooth signal transmission. Vibration Control: Composite Body: Reduces resonance with a blend of die-cast zinc, aluminum, and high-rigidity polymer. Die-Cast Zinc Base: Suppresses unwanted vibrations, improving mid-to-low frequency expressiveness. Convenience & Quality: Threaded mounting holes for easier headshell installation. Features thick gold plating on terminal pins to reduce contact resistance. Hand-finished by artisans in Japan.

Audio-Technica AT33xEN Dual Moving Coil Stereo Cartridge

The AT33x Series is the first major update to the venerable AT33 in years, engineered to bring new warmth and fullness to your music. Technological improvements include the use of die-cast zinc in the cartridge base to fight resonance and enhance mid-to-low frequency expressiveness, letting you hear the finest details across the audio spectrum. The AT33xEN is an excellent all-around cartridge, delivering warm, full-bodied sound. It features a 0.3 x 0.7 mil elliptical nude stylus on a hard duralumin tapered pipe cantilever for excellent tracking and high-frequency control. A new piano wire suspension mechanism improves tracking accuracy and slightly lowers dynamic compliance for more substantial audio, especially in the mid-low range. Key Features: AT33x Series dual moving coil stereo cartridge with 0.3 x 0.7 mil elliptical nude stylus Dual moving coil design, featuring independent left and right coils, provides outstanding channel separation PCOCC (Pure Copper by Ohno Continuous Casting) coils provide pure, smooth signal transmission Neodymium magnet and permendur yoke maximise energy efficiency for high-resolution, responsive playback Composite cartridge body (die-cast zinc, aluminium, and high-rigidity polymer) Highly rigid and dense die-cast zinc material is used at the base of the cartridge to suppress unwanted vibrations and improve the expressiveness of the mid-to-low frequency range 0.3 x 0.7 mil elliptical nude stylus tracks the record groove with accuracy for outstanding audio reproduction High-hardness duralumin tapered pipe cantilever enhances high-frequency control  Newly developed suspension mechanism and rubber damper design enable the cartridge to be used with a variety of tonearms  Thick gold plating on the terminal pins reduces contact resistance and enhances sound quality

Dynavector DV-10XA Moving Coil Cartridge

The Dynavector 10X series, a high-output Moving Coil (MC) cartridge, has been a global success since 1978, winning Design and Engineering Awards at the Chicago CES in 1978 and 1981. This iconic cartridge, with its distinctive red body, has continually evolved, incorporating a solid aluminum head block in 2003 and a "Shibata III" line contact stylus in the 10X5 MkII in 2018. Now, in 2025, the new 10XA model features a magnetic circuit with "Special Magnetic Annealing" technology, offering exceptionally smooth and articulate analog playback that exceeds expectations for an entry-level cartridge.

Ortofon MC X40 Moving Coil Cartridge

The MC X40 stands as the pinnacle of the MC X Series, crafted for the most discerning audiophiles. It features a nude Shibata diamond stylus on a rigid, lightweight boron cantilever, delivering unparalleled transparency, speed, and responsiveness to your music. Key Features: Detailed and pure sonic reproduction takes a step toward the high-end Overhead mounting cartridge for installing into a headshell Moving Coil cartridge design Nude Shibata stylus Superior boron cantilever

Ortofon MC X30 Moving Coil Cartridge

Take your listening experience to the next level with the MC X30. Featuring a nude fine line diamond stylus, it uncovers extraordinary accuracy and resolution, bringing your music to life with breathtaking detail and dynamic range on every track. Key Features: Accurate sound reproduction, delivered with greater power and space Overhead mounting cartridge for installing into a headshell Moving Coil cartridge design Nude Fine-Line diamond stylus

Ortofon MC X20 Moving Coil Cartridge

Uncover new layers in your music with the MC X20. Equipped with a nude elliptical diamond stylus, it delivers heightened depth and definition, bringing the true essence of each track to life. Prepare to rediscover your cherished records with renewed excitement and stunning precision. Key Features: Smooth sound reproduction with excellent rhythmic timing Moving Coil cartridge design Overhead mounting cartridge for installing into a headshell Nude Elliptical stylus profile

Ortofon MC X10 Moving Coil Cartridge

The MC X10 creates the perfect starting point for high-fidelity sound. Its elliptical diamond stylus brings your records to life with stunning clarity and precision, revealing every detail for an exceptional audio journey. Key Features: High price-to-performance ratio with a good all-round sound Overhead mounting cartridge for installing into a headshell Moving Coil cartridge design Elliptical stylus

Ortofon MC 90X Moving Coil Cartridge

The Ortofon MC 90X is a premium, high-performance cartridge that elevates the quality and depth of your vinyl listening experience. Drawing from the iconic MC A90 design, it incorporates cutting-edge technologies such as the Wide Range Damping system, Replicant 100 diamond stylus, and a groundbreaking stainless-steel structure created through Selective Laser Melting. The outcome? Outstanding tracking precision, superb clarity, and an immersive sound with a rich midrange and extended frequency range. Finished in a striking blue, this limited-edition cartridge blends timeless craftsmanship with modern innovation. Key Features: Overhead-mount design for easy installation into a headshell Moving Coil (MC) cartridge configuration Premium nude Ortofon Replicant 100 diamond stylus High-quality boron cantilever State-of-the-art Selective Laser Sintering manufacturing technique

Pro-Ject Pick it MC 3 Moving Coil Cartridge

The Pick it MC3 moving coil pick-up cartridge has been designed by Pro-Ject to technically complement Pro-Ject's tonearms and turntable packages, all while achieving a powerful and dynamic sound character that is as suited to pop and rock as it is for big orchestral pieces.  Overhead mounting cartridge for installing into a headshell Moving Coil cartridge design Spherical diamond stylus Cryogenically-treated aluminium cantilever

Pro-Ject Pick it MC9 Moving Coil Cartridge

Pro-Ject's flagship moving coil cartridge makes use of a "Special-Elliptical" diamond stylus profile to produce a highly accurate, yet musical, sound performance. Overhead mounting cartridge for installing into a headshell Moving Coil cartridge design Elliptical diamond stylus Cryogenically-treated aluminium cantilever

Lyra Etna Mono Lambda Moving Coil Cartridge

This is a special, built-to-order, mono version of Etna λ Lambda for real mono playback of monaural/monophonic (mono) microgroove, vinyl records. It is recommended that the Etna λ Lambda Mono is used with high-gain, low noise phono stages, or alternatively a step-up transformer designed for phono cartridges of 2 - 3 ohms or less. On mono records, the vertical axis of the groove contains no musical information, but it will frequently have noise, in the form of groove damage and dirt. The Etna λ Lambda Mono has therefore been designed to be completely insensitive to the vertical axis, which greatly improves the signal/noise ratio without any downside on monaural records.

Lyra Etna SL Lambda Moving Coil Cartridge

Lyra again turns the analog world on its ear with the introduction of the Etna λ Lambda phono cartridge. Sharing its name with Sicily’s majestic Mount Etna, Etna λ Lambda the cartridge is an impressive monument in its own right, one that melds tried and true Lyra design tenets with designer Jonathan Carr’s very latest thinking on phono cartridges. Etna λ Lambda was designed with a strong emphasis on engineering efficiency, so that its performance would be as far beyond the sum of its parts as possible. For this reason, although it shares some of its design philosophy with Atlas λ Lambda, the concepts are executed rather differently.

Lyra Etna Lambda Moving Coil Cartridge

Lyra again turns the analog world on its ear with the introduction of the Etna λ Lambda phono cartridge. Sharing its name with Sicily’s majestic Mount Etna, Etna λ Lambda the cartridge is an impressive monument in its own right, one that melds tried and true Lyra design tenets with designer Jonathan Carr’s very latest thinking on phono cartridges. Etna λ Lambda was designed with a strong emphasis on engineering efficiency, so that its performance would be as far beyond the sum of its parts as possible. For this reason, although it shares some of its design philosophy with Atlas λ Lambda, the concepts are executed rather differently.

Lyra Atlas Mono Lambda Moving Coil Cartridge

This is a special, built-to-order, mono version of Atlas for real mono playback of monaural/monophonic (mono) microgroove, vinyl records. It is recommended that the Atlas Mono is used with high-gain, low noise phono stages, or alternatively a step-up transformer designed for phono cartridges of 2 - 3 ohms or less.   On mono records, the vertical axis of the groove contains no musical information, but it will frequently have noise, in the form of groove damage and dirt. The Atlas Mono has therefore been designed to be completely insensitive to the vertical axis, which greatly improves the signal/noise ratio without any downside on monaural records.

Lyra Atlas SL Lambda Moving Coil Cartridge

The Atlas λ Lambda is Lyra’s new flagship phono cartridge. Why asymmetric? By literally misplacing the “barriers” to great sound that are present in every other cartridge today, a number of important performance benefits are realized. First, different-shaped structures on the left and right sides of the cartridge body suppress the formation of standing waves within, resulting in a significant reduction of resonance-induced colorations. Second, the asymmetric construction offsets the front magnet carrier and its associated mounting system so that it is no longer in line with the cantilever assembly. This opens up a direct, solid path between the cantilever assembly and tonearm head shell so that vibrations from the cantilever can be quickly drained away once they have been converted into electrical signals, again suppressing induced resonances.

Lyra Atlas Lambda Moving Coil Cartridge

The Atlas λ Lambda is Lyra’s new flagship phono cartridge. Why asymmetric? By literally misplacing the “barriers” to great sound that are present in every other cartridge today, a number of important performance benefits are realized. First, different-shaped structures on the left and right sides of the cartridge body suppress the formation of standing waves within, resulting in a significant reduction of resonance-induced colorations. Second, the asymmetric construction offsets the front magnet carrier and its associated mounting system so that it is no longer in line with the cantilever assembly. This opens up a direct, solid path between the cantilever assembly and tonearm head shell so that vibrations from the cantilever can be quickly drained away once they have been converted into electrical signals, again suppressing induced resonances.

Ortofon MC Xpression Moving Coil Cartridge

The Xpression cartridge bridges the gap between SPU-type cartridges and High-End cartridges like the MC A90 and the MC Windfeld, which are designed for headshell mounting. The result is a high-performance moving coil cartridge with the convenience of a standard headshell connector. This method of connection provides a simple and elegant method of directly connecting the generator and tonearm via the Xpression’s one-piece body. The state of the art Ortofon Xpression cartridge represents the perfect combination of three distinct characteristics pioneered by Ortofon: Use of the cutting edge SLM materials, a technology pioneered on the MC A90 and SPU 90th Anniversary models. Modification of the all-new generator system introduced with the MC A90 and the MC Windfeld models. Ortofon's design tradition.

Ortofon MC Xpression Moving Coil Cartridge - Exchange

This product requires your old Ortofon MC Xpression Moving Coil Cartridge to be sent to us for exchange. Please send your cartridge with your order web reference to:HiFiSoundCastlegate MillQuaysideStockton on TeesTS18 1BZ

Audio-Technica AT-ART9XI Dual Moving Coil Cartridge

Featuring a special line contact stylus on a 0.28 mm diameter solid boron cantilever, the AT-ART9XI replaces the AT-ART9 as Audio-Technica’s flagship magnetic core MC cartridge. Key Features: Audio-Technica’s flagship magnetic core moving coil cartridge Dual moving coils are aligned in an inverted V shape, providing high separation and wide response for clear sound localization and minimal distortion Special line contact stylus ensures faithful reproduction of the music signal, and the 0.28 mm diameter solid boron cantilever provides excellent response characteristics Neodymium magnet and permendur yoke significantly increase magnetic energy Specially designed magnetic circuit provides an output voltage of 0.5 mV (1 kHz, 5 cm/sec) PCOCC coils ensure high-fidelity transmission Machined aluminum base supports both the magnetic circuit and the vibration system, ensuring excellent playback stability Hybrid body of machined aluminum and high-rigidity plastic reduces undesirable parasitic resonance Threaded cartridge mounting holes allow easy installation to a headshell or integrated tonearm

Audio-Technica AT-ART9XA Dual Moving Coil Cartridge

An update of the AT-ART7, the AT-ART9XA non-magnetic core MC cartridge features a Shibata stylus on a 0.28 mm diameter solid boron cantilever. Key Features: Non-magnetic core moving coil cartridge offers superior spatial representation Dual moving coils are aligned in an inverted V shape, providing high separation and wide response for clear sound localization and minimal distortion Shibata stylus ensures accurate high and mid-low range reproduction, and the 0.28 mm diameter solid boron cantilever provides excellent response characteristics Neodymium magnet and permendur yoke significantly increase magnetic energy Redesigned coil armature provides an output voltage of 0.2 mV (1 kHz, 5 cm/sec) PCOCC coils ensure high-fidelity transmission Machined aluminum base supports both the magnetic circuit and the vibration system, ensuring excellent playback stability Hybrid body of machined aluminum and high-rigidity plastic reduces undesirable parasitic resonance Threaded cartridge mounting holes allow easy installation to a headshell or integrated tonearm

Audio-Technica AT-OC9XEB Moving Coil Cartridge

AT-OC9XEB Dual moving coil stereo cartridge with bonded Elliptical stylus, features a bonded Elliptical stylus and aluminium cantilever and a neodymium magnet and pure iron yoke provide increased magnetic energy.   Key Features: Features bonded Elliptical stylus and aluminium cantilever A neodymium magnet and pure iron yoke provides increased magnetic energy Threaded inserts in the cartridge body enable the cartridge to be mounted on to the headshell or integral tonearm with just two screws – no nuts required Aluminium body minimizes unwanted vibration for reduced resonance and a superior audio reproduction Pure Copper by Ohno Continuous Casting process (PCOCC) is used for the coils to achieve the purest signal possible

Audio-Technica AT-OC9XEN Moving Coil Cartridge

AT-OC9XEN Dual moving coil stereo cartridge with Elliptical nude stylus - Features low mass nude elliptical stylus and aluminium cantilever, a neodymium magnet and pure iron yoke provide increased magnetic energy and features threaded inserts in the cartridge.   Key Features: Features low mass nude elliptical stylus and aluminium cantilever A neodymium magnet and pure iron yoke provide increased magnetic energy Threaded inserts in the cartridge body enable the cartridge to be mounted on to the headshell or integral tonearm with just two screws – no nuts required  Aluminium body minimizes unwanted vibration for reduced resonance and a superior audio reproduction Pure Copper by Ohno Continuous Casting process (PCOCC) is used for the coils to achieve the purest signal possible

Audio-Technica AT-OC9XML Moving Coil Cartridge

AT-OC9XML Dual moving coil stereo cartridge with Microlinear stylus - Features nude Microlinear stylus and boron cantilever, neodymium magnet and permendur yoke for increased magnetic energy and features threaded inserts in the cartridge body.   Key Features: Features nude Microlinear stylus and boron cantilever which provides lower distortion and high transient response A neodymium magnet and permendur yoke provides dramatically increased magnetic energy Threaded inserts in the cartridge body enable the cartridge to be mounted on to the headshell or integral tonearm with just two screws – no nuts required  Aluminium body minimizes unwanted vibration for reduced resonance and a superior audio reproduction Pure Copper by Ohno Continuous Casting process (PCOCC) is used for the coils to achieve pure signal transfer 

Audio-Technica AT-OC9XSH Moving Coil Cartridge

AT-OC9XSH Dual moving coil stereo cartridge with Shibata stylus - Features a Nude Shibata stylus and boron cantilever, neodymium magnet and permendur yoke for increased magnetic energy and features threaded inserts in the cartridge body.   Key Features: Features nude Shibata stylus and boron cantilever with rich low frequency reproduction and high transient response A neodymium magnet and permendur yoke provides dramatically increased magnetic energy Threaded inserts in the cartridge body enable the cartridge to be mounted on to the headshell or integral tonearm with just two screws – no nuts required  Aluminium body minimizes unwanted vibration for reduced resonance and a superior audio reproduction Pure Copper by Ohno Continuous Casting process (PCOCC) is used for the coils to achieve pure signal transfer

Audio-Technica AT-OC9XSL Moving Coil Cartridge

AT-OC9XSL Dual moving coil stereo cartridge with Special Line Contact stylus - Features a Nude Special Line Contact stylus and boron cantilever, Neodymium magnet and permendur yoke for increased magnetic energy and Features threaded inserts in the cartridge body.   Key Features: Features Nude Special Line Contact stylus and boron cantilever with accurate tracking ability and high transient response A neodymium magnet and permendur yoke provides dramatically increased magnetic energy Threaded inserts in the cartridge body enable the cartridge to be mounted on to the headshell or integral tonearm with just two screws – no nuts required  Aluminium body minimizes unwanted vibration for reduced resonance and a superior audio reproduction Pure Copper by Ohno Continuous Casting process (PCOCC) is used for the coils to achieve pure signal transfer 

Hana ML Moving Coil Cartridge

The HANA-ML is the low output moving coil cartridge option Low output option, with Micro-line stylus profile.  This cartridge is designed to be used with a MC phono stage or MC step-up device + MM phono stage.

Hana MH Moving Coil Cartridge

The HANA-MH is the High output moving coil cartridge option, with Micro-line stylus profile. This cartridge is designed to be used with a MM (moving magnet) phono stage, so without investing in a new moving coil step up transformer, or MC phono stage, the seductive sound of moving coils are available through your moving magnet phono stage.

Ortofon SPU #1 E Moving Coil Cartridge and Headshell

The SPU series embodies the essence of the original Moving Coils and are a perfect solution for the playback of both early and modern and contemporary stereo recordings.

Ortofon SPU #1 S Moving Coil Cartridge and Headshell

The SPU series embodies the essence of the original Moving Coils and are a perfect solution for the playback of both early and modern and contemporary stereo recordings.

Rega Ania Moving Coil Cartridge - Rebuild

This product requires your old Rega Ania Moving Coil Cartridge to be sent to us for rebuild and is NOT a new cartridge. Please send your cartridge with your order web reference to:HiFiSoundCastlegate MillQuaysideStockton on TeesTS18 1BZ

Rega Ania Moving Coil Cartridge

Please Note: At the request of the manufacturer this item cannot be supplied by mail order - it can only be collected in store. The Ania was inspired by the success of Rega's Apheta and Aphelion MC models. Ania uses the same complex hand wound micro coil found in the rest of the range, and is housed in a unique PPS highly rigid body. This body is an exceptionally accurate design that includes Rega’s three point fixing to optimise connection to the tonearm headshell and automatically sets overhang when fitted to a Rega tonearm. The new body is protected by a CAD designed, clear rigid cover to protect the internal fine wires, making handling whilst fitting, safe and risk free. The Ania features a super high-powered, neodymium magnet and a coil meticulously hand wound on to an iron micro cross. This miniature assembly allows greater freedom to track the vinyl groove ensuring even more detail is extracted from the vinyl.   Key Features: Iron micro cross assembly One of the worlds smallest MC generators Cutting edge high power Neodymium magnets Elliptical profile stylus Aluminium cantilver Coil constructed from 0.018 mm fine wire Lifetime warranty against manufacture defects

Lyra Kleos Mono Moving Coil Cartridge

This is a special, built-to-order, mono version of Kleos for real mono playback of monaural/monophonic (mono) microgroove, vinyl records. It is recommended that the Kleos Mono is used with high-gain, low noise phono stages, or alternatively a step-up transformer designed for phono cartridges of 2 - 3 ohms or less.

Lyra Kleos SL Moving Coil Cartridge

This is a special, built-to-order, version of Kleos for expert users with very high-gain, extra low noise phono stages, or alternatively a step-up transformer designed for phono cartridges of 2 - 3 ohms or less.

Ortofon SPU Meister Silver G MK II Moving Coil Cartridge and Headshell

The Ortofon Meister Silver GM MkII is a SPU-style Moving Coil cartridge that has been improved with new coil winding materials, generator magnet and a nude elliptical stylus for optimal fidelity.

Lyra Kleos Moving Coil Cartridge

Although many MC cartridges have good performance, their sound is held back by how they are designed. The problem is, the signal coils should have the same angle as the magnetic circuit during playback, but MC cartridges are typically designed so that the opposite happens - applying normal tracking force pushes the coils out of alignment. This impairs coil sensitivity and linearity, and reduces sound quality.

Ortofon SPU Classic G MK II Moving Coil Cartridge and Headshell

The SPU Classic GM MKII, known for its dynamic and powerful sound reproduction, is a Moving Coil (MC) cartridge with an 18µm spherical stylus profile.

Ortofon SPU Classic G E MK II Moving Coil Cartridge and Headshell

The SPU Classic GM MKII, known for its dynamic and powerful sound reproduction, is a Moving Coil (MC) cartridge with an elliptical stylus profile.

Ortofon SPU Classic N E Moving Coil Cartridge

The SPU Classic N is a Moving Coil (MC) cartridge with an elliptical stylus profile and provides more detailed sound reproduction and expansive imaging.

Ortofon SPU Classic N Moving Coil Cartridge

The SPU Classic N is a Moving Coil (MC) cartridge with an 18µm spherical stylus profile.

Ortofon SPU Mono CG 65 DI MK II Moving Coil Cartridge and Headshell

The Mono CG 65 DI MKII is an SPU-style Moving Coil (MC) cartridge with a spherical stylus profile, for the playback of early 65µm mono and 78rpm recordings.

Ortofon SPU Mono CG 25 DI MK II Moving Coil Cartridge and Headshell

The Mono CG 25 DI MKII is an SPU-style Moving Coil (MC) cartridge with a spherical stylus profile, for the playback of early 25µm mono recordings.

Ortofon SPU Mono G MK II Moving Coil Cartridge and Headshell

The SPU Mono GM MKII is a high output Moving Coil cartridge a with a spherical stylus profile, for the playback of early 25µm mono recordings.

Ortofon SPU Royal G MK II Moving Coil Cartridge and Headshell

The SPU Royal GM MKII provides a playback experience that embodies the essence of analog, with generous refinements which bring the legendary SPU cartridges into the realm of unrivaled perfection.

Ortofon SPU Royal N Moving Coil Cartridge

The SPU Royal N provides a playback experience that embodies the essence of analog, with generous refinements which bring the legendary SPU cartridges into the realm of unrivaled perfection.

Ortofon SPU Synergy G Moving Coil Cartridge and Headshell

The SPU Synergy GM modernises the classic SPU design with a number of optimisations designed for optimum compatibility and sonic purity.